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GoCryptFS Security
==================
"Security" can be split into "Confidentiality" and "Integrity". The
security level gocryptfs provides for each is discussed in the next
sections.
Confidentiality
---------------
Confidentiality means that information cannot be extracted from the
encrypted data unless you know the key.
### File Contents
* All file contents (even the last bytes) are encrypted using AES-256-GCM
* This is unbreakable in the foreseeable future. Attacks will focus on
cracking the password instead (see section "Master Key Storage").
* Files are segmented into 4096 byte blocks
* Each block gets a fresh random 96 bit IV (none) each time it is written.
* This means that identical blocks can not be identified
### File Names
* File names are encrypted using AES-256-CBC with a per-directory IV
* Each directory get a random 128 bit IV on creation
* Files with the same name in different directories are encrypted to
different filenames and can not be identified
* File names are padded to multiples of 16 bytes
* This means that the exact length of the name is hidden, only length
ranges (1-16 bytes, 17-32 bytes etc.) can be determined from the encrypted
files
### Metadata
* The size of the file is not hidden. The exact file size can be calculated
from the size of the encrypted file.
* File owner, file permissions and timestamps are not hidden.
Integrity
---------
Integrity means that the data cannot be modified in a meaningful way
unless you have the key. The opposite of integrity is *malleability*.
### File Contents
* The used encryption, AES-256-GCM, is a variant of
*authenticated encryption*. Each block gets a 128 bit authentication
tag (GMAC) appended.
* This means that any modification inside a block will be detected when reading
the block and decryption will be aborted. The failure is logged and an
I/O error is returned to the user.
* Every file has a header that contains a 16-byte random *file id*
* Each block uses the file id and its block number as GCM *authentication data*
* This means the position of the blocks is protected as well. The blocks
can not be reordered or copied between different files without
causing an decryption error.
* For technical reasons (sparse files), the special "all-zero" block is
always seen as a valid block that decrypts to all-zero plaintext.
* This means that whole blocks can be zeroed out
### File Names
* File names are only weakly protected against modifications.
* Changing a single byte causes a decode error in most of the
cases. The failure is logged and the file is no longer visible in the
directory.
* If no decode error is triggered, at least 16 bytes of the filename will
be corrupted (randomized).
* However, file names can always be truncated to multiples of 16 bytes.
### Metadata
* The file size is not protected against modifications
* However, the block integrity protection limits modifications to block
size granularity.
* This means that files can be truncated to multiples of 4096 bytes.
* Ownership, timestamp and permissions are not protected and can be changed
as usual.
Master Key Storage
------------------
The *master key* is used to perform content and file name encryption.
It is stored in `gocryptfs.conf`, encrypted with AES-256-GCM using the
*unlock key*.
The unlock key is generated from a user password using `scrypt`.
A successful decryption of the master key means that the GMAC authentication
passed and the password is correct. The master key is then used to
mount the filesystem.
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